The research

Dolphin Therapy in Science

Norbert Trompisch, Institute DOLPHINSWIM

Die Delphintherapie ist eine tiergestützte Therapieform, die seit mehr als 20 Jahren Anwendung findet und heute zur Behandlung eines breiten Spektrums psychischer Probleme und Störungen, als auch für zahlreiche Formen von intellektueller und psychischer Behinderung eingesetzt wird. Im Zentrum dieser Behandlungsform liegt die therapeutisch begleitete Delphininteraktion, die – ganz allgemein gesprochen – eine stimulierende Wirkung auf den menschlichen Organismus ausübt und so einen Entwicklungsprozess begünstigt. Bereits seit der Antike faszinieren die Delphine die Menschen, wurden als Freunde betrachtet oder gar als Gottheiten verehrt. Davon zeugen Delphindarstellungen in ägyptischen Tempeln wie auch die minoischen Fresken von 1500 v. Chr. im Palast von Knossos. In der griechischen Mythologie nehmen die Delphine einen wichtigen Stellenwert ein, die Bezeichnung für den Delphin stammt aus dem Altgriechisch, sie wurden „Delphis“ bzw. „Delphinos“1 genannt. Auch auf anderen Kontinenten wurden ebenfalls Delphine verehrt, wie bei den australischen Alborigenes, wo sie als Gottheiten in der Traumzeit erwähnt werden. Die Römer Plinius der Ältere und Plinius der Jüngere berichten von Delphinen, die mit Fischern kooperierten oder gar Menschen retteten. Für Seeleute sind Delphine seit jeher Glückbringer und manchmal sogar Lotsen, so wie der Delphin Pelorus Jack, der um die Jahrhundertwende in Neuseeland Schiffe von der Nordinsel durch eine gefährliche Passage zur Südinsel dirigierte.2 Obwohl das Interesse der Menschen an den Delphinen lange Geschichte hat, wurde es erst mit John Lilly in den Jahren 1950 bis 1970 und seinen Forschungen über die Mensch-Delphin Interaktionssphäre erstmals Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Betrachtungen. Lilly ́s Ziel war es eine Kommunikationssphäre mittels Zeichen- und Lautsprache herzustellen, um mit dieser Tierart näher in Kontakt treten zu können. In weiterer Folge konzentrierten sich die Untersuchungen auf die Auswirkungen von Langzeit-Delphininteraktionen auf das menschliche Gehirn und Bewußtseinsfunktionen (Lilly, 1978). Es stellte sich dabei heraus, dass sich im Delphinkontakt bewußtserweiternde Wirkungen entfalteten, die sich durch gesteigerte Sensibilität, Aufmerksamkeit und kognitiver Aktivität ausdrückte. Mit dem Aufkommen der tiergestützten Therapien, inspiriert durch die Erfolge des New Yorker Psychotherapeuten Boris Levinson, dem Begründer der tiergestützten Therapie mit Hunden begannen Horace Dobbs (Dobbs, 1977, 1992, 2004) in Großbritannien und Dave Nathanson (Nathanson 1997, 1998) in den USA mit dem therapeutischen Anwendungsfeld von Delphinen zu experimentieren. Horace Dobbs dokumentierte diese Delphintherapie-Pionierarbeit mit einem Patienten mit Depression, bzw. einer Patientin mit Anorexia und einem freilebenden Delphin vor der Küste Englands in einer eingehenden Fallstudie. Nathanson etablierte das erste Delphintherapie-Zentrum in Key Largo Florida Mitte der 80er und beteiligte sich in Folge maßgeblich an der Erforschung der Delphintherapie mit wissenschaftlichen Methoden. Seine vielzitierten Studien „Effectiveness of short-term dolphin-assisted-therapy for children with severe disabilities“ und „Effectiveness of long-term dolphin-assisted-therapy for children with severe disabilities“ konnten erste Wirkungsnachweise der Delphintherapie erbringen. Ebenfalls in dieser Zeit erhob Betsy Smiths die Auswirkungen der Delphintherapie auf kognitive und emotionale Fähigkeiten von autistischen Menschen (Smith 1984). Neuere Wirksamkeitstudien, wie jene von Nicole Kohn & Rolf Oerter bestätigten die Ergebnisse von Nathanson und die Effektivität seiner DHT (Dolphin Human Therapie) und der Delphintherapie am Dolphinreef in Eilat/Israel3. „A Summative Evaluation of a Dolphin Assisted Therapy Program with Special Needs Children“4, durchgeführt am Dolphinswim Alpha-Therapie Zentrum in Jalta, bestätigt für unterschiedliche Formen von Behinderung signifikant positive Veränderungen in Bezug auf Aggressivität, Unleitbarkeit, soziale Zurückgezogenheit und Ängstlichkeit. Im Bereich der Wirksamkeitsstudien ganz besonders hervorzuheben sind die Arbeiten von Ludmilla Lukina aus der Ukraine. Bereits seit Anfang der 90er Jahre leistete die Forscherin in zahl- und umfangreichen Studien einen erheblichen Beitrag in der Fundierung und Belegung der Wirksamkeit der Delphintherapie für unterschiedliche Störungsbilder (Lukina, 2003). In ihren zahlreichen Veröffentlichungen (mehr 20 wissenschaftliche Publikationen zur Delphintherapie in den letzten 10 Jahren) hat Lukina detailliert die Wirksamkeit der Delphintherapie auf verschiedene Störungs- und Krankheitsbilder untersucht: so etwa den Einfluss der Delphintherapie auf den funktionalen Zustand von Kindern5, auf die Rehabilitation von Kindern mit psychoneurologischer Pathologie6, Müdigkeitssyndrom7, Enuresis8, Cerebralparese9, Phobien, Sprachstörungen, Neurasthenie und frühkindlichen Autismus10. Sie konnte außerdem Indikatoren (Altersfaktor, Art und Schweregrad der Behinderung, psychische vs. physiologische Komponente der Erkrankung) ermitteln, von denen die Wirksamkeit der Delphintherapie abhängt. Die Nürnberger Delphintherapie-Studie von Breitenbach, v. Fersen und Stumpf11 ist die erste Langzeitstudie, die seit 10 Jahren im Tiergarten Nürnberg durchgeführt wird. In mehreren Studien-Phasen wurde das Therapiesetting gezielt variiert und die Vor- und Nachteile evaluiert. Den Ergebnissen zufolge leistet die Delphintherapie positive Veränderungen in der Kommunikationsfähigkeit, positive Veränderungen im sozial-emotionalen Verhalten und der emotionalen Stabilität der Kinder, positive Veränderung in der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion und ist darüber hinaus effektiver als andere tiergestützte Therapien.12 Breitenbach liefert außerdem ein sozialpädagogisches Erklärungsmodell zum Therapiemechanismus der Delphintherapie. Demzufolge werden von den Delphinen im Klienten Prozesse anregt und die dazu führen, dass sich die Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten, insbesondere jene mit den Eltern verbessern. Diese wiederum lernen durch die Delphintherapie die Reaktionen ihrer Kinder besser zu verstehen. Dieser „Schneeball-Effekt“, soll auch jene Lerneffekte, die sich noch nach der Delphintherapie ereignen, erklären. Delphine bewerkstelligen diese Stimulation durch ihr adäquates Verhalten gegenüber dem Menschen und ihren ausgeprägten sozialen Sinn und kommunikativen Fähigkeiten. Diese Kernkompetenz der Delphine ist eine Folge der Anpassung an den maritimen Lebensraum. Dadurch verfügen sie über eine Reihe von Fähigkeiten in denen sie sich von Landsäugern unterscheiden. Sie sind von Natur aus neugierig und mögen es auf spielerische Art und Weise mit Menschen, ungeachtet seiner Einschränkungen Kontakt zu knüpfen. Dabei gehen sie gezielt vor: fördern und fordern die Klienten abhängig von ihren Einschränkungen. Nähe und Distanz wird durch den psychischen Zustand des Klienten mitbestimmt, bei körperlichen Einschränkungen beispielsweise ist die Häufigkeit von Kontakten an den betroffenen Körperstellen höher, als bei gesunden Menschen.13 Delphine stimulieren den Menschen jedoch nicht nur psychisch, sondern auch unmittelbar neurologisch. EEG-Messungen zufolge kommt es während Delphin-Interaktionen zu einer signifikante Absenkung der Gehirnwellenfrequenz in den Alpha/Theta Crossover Bereich und einer Hemisphärensynchronisation14. Die Sonophoresis-Theorie von David Cole erklärt diese Effekte über die Einwirkung des vom Delphin ausgehenden Ultraschall (SONAR). Diese Theorie besagt, dass intra- und interzelluläre Membranen durch den Ultraschall der Meeresäuger stimuliert werden, was den Stoffwechsel und die Reizleitung an den Synapsen anregt. In Kombination mit den von Breitenbach beschriebenen psychologischen Aspekten üben Delphine eine angstreduzierenden Wirkung15 aus und können subjektive Hocherlebnisse bei Menschen auslösen16. Es handelt sich dabei um einen Prozess, in dem die Tiere zunächst angstauslösend wirken und in weiter Folge diese bei gleichzeitiger Unterstützung des Nervensystems durch Sonophoresis17 systematisch Desensibilisieren. So verhelfen die Delphine dem Menschen dazu strukturierende Grundängste wahrzunehmen und diese zu erlösen. Ist dieser Prozess erfolgreich abgeschlossen erleben die beteiligten Personen vielfach emotionale Hocherlebnisse, die DeMares wie folgt zusammenfasst: „Sowohl mit einem anderen Wesen ganz verbunden zu sein, als auch mit sich selbst, ist der Delphinbegegnung zugrunde liegende Wunsch. Die dabei auftretenden Gefühle – Intention, Augenkontakt, Verbundenheit, Lebendigkeit und Harmonie – versetzen den Menschen in einen Moment der Wahrhaftigkeit bzw. geben einen Anhaltspunkt, anhand dessen sie ihren persönlichen Entwicklungsstand messen können.“18

An important topic for dolphin therapy is the indication. Norbert Trompisch ́s dolphin therapy study is dedicated to this question and examines the quality of the changes brought about by dolphin therapy for the disorders autism, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, developmental delays and coma vigil. It was found that the therapy effect depends significantly on the respective disorder. Thus, autistic people benefit in particular with regard to their social skills, people with Downs syndrome and those with developmental delays in the linguistic area and those with cerebral palsy with regard to their motor skills, but especially through an increase in self-confidence and reduction of fears. The therapeutic effect on the most severe forms of disability such as vegetative state is comparatively low.19

These studies attest to various forms of dolphin interaction and dolphin therapy having a variety of positive effects on people. In the meantime, dolphin therapy can be regarded as an effective therapy measure for people with disabilities and various mental disorders. In particular, it promotes people's willingness to make contact, their social skills and their ability to concentrate. The dolphin interaction increases the receptiveness for information, reduces stress, triggers positive emotions, reduces fears and harmonises the human system as a whole.

However, many questions about the mechanism of action of dolphin therapy, especially the brain physiological effects and the role of the dolphins' ultrasound, still need further clarification. Previous effectiveness studies partly suffered from methodological deficiencies - a suitable evaluation system with systematic data triangulation is still missing, which can be adapted depending on the disorder group. The question of effective factors in dolphin therapy has not yet been answered satisfactorily, as well as the indication of dolphin therapy for fields of application in the field of mental disorders, which have not yet been considered. The research field of dolphin therapy therefore still holds many exciting questions: It is an interdisciplinary field of science from psychology, animal psychology, psychotherapy sciences, pedagogy, marine and behavioural biology and the veterinary sciences, which offers diverse research opportunities beyond the mainstream, i.e. still "real uncharted territory", and offers various specialisation opportunities for young researchers in particular.

Literature

1 Gemoll 1991, p. 187 2 Dobbs, 1992 p. 56

3 Kohn & Oerter, 2004 4 Dilts 2008 5 Lukina 1999(a), p.1 6 Lukina 1999(b)

7 Lukina 2000_6 8 Lukina 2001 9 Lukina 2001_2

10 Lukina 2002_2 11 Breitenbach et al 2006, Stumpf 2006

12 Breitenbach et al 2006

13 Fritsch 2009 14 Cole 1996, de Bergerac 1998 15 Webb, 2001 16 DeMares 2000 17 Cole 1996 18 DeMares 2000

19 Trumpet 2005

cf:

Birch, Steve: Dolphin therapy effects - A hypothesis; Second annual international symposium on dolphin assisted therapy, Cancun 1996

Breitenbach, E., v. Fersen, L., Stumpf E., Elbert, H.: Delfintherapie für Kinder mit Behinderungen; Analyse und Erklärung der Wirksamkeit, edition bentheim, Würzburg 2006

Stumpf E.: "Dolphin Therapy from a Scientific Perspective. Possibilities of evaluation research in the special education field", Fördergemeinschaft wissenschaftlicher Publikationen von Frauen e. V. Freiburg 2006

Brensing, Karsten und Linke, Katrin: Behavior of dolphins towards adults and children during swim- with-dolphin programs and towards children with disabilities during therapy sessions,

Anthrozoös, 16 (4), 2003 , pp. 315-331

Cole, David: Sonochemical effects in human tissue resultant from close contact with dolphins; International Symposium on dolphin Assisted Therapy, Miami 1995 Abstract, www.aquathought.com

Cole, David: Electroencephalographic results of human-dolphin interaction: A sonophoresis model; International Symposium on Dolphin Assisted Therapy, Cancun 1996 Abstract, www.aquathought.com

Cousteau, Jacque-Yves: Dolphins - Ambassadors of Nature; Herbig Munich, 1995

De Bergerac, Olivia: The Dolphin Within, Awakening Human Potential, Simon&Schuster, Australia 1998

DeMares, Ryan: Human peak experience triggered by encounters with cetaceans; pp. 89-103, Anthrozoös, 13(2), 2000.

Dilts Rachel, Trompisch Norbert: A Summative Evaluation of a Dolphin Assisted Therapy Program with Special Needs Children, Oregon State University (in publication) 2009

Dobbs, Horace: The magic of dolphins; Lutterworth Press Cambridge 1992

Dobbs, Horace: Healing with Dolphins; AT Verlag, Baden 2004

Dobbs, Horace: Follow a wild dolphin, Souvenir Press, 1977

Dobbs, Horace: International Dolphin Watch - Conference - Exploring the healing power of dolphins, International Dolphin Watch Press, 1993

Fritsch, Teresa: Specific Preference Behaviour of bottlenose dolphins participating in a DAT Program "Alpha-Therapy", University Graz (in publication) 2009

Güntürkün, Onur & Fersen, Lorenzo: So few grey cells - a myth is touched, RUBIN No. 1/98, University of Bochum, July 1998 issue, online version: http://www.ruhr-uni- bochum.de/rubin/rbin1_98/rubin2.htm

Lilly, John C.: The mind of the Dolphin: A Nonhuman Intelligence. New York: Douleday 1967

Lilly, John: Communication between man and dolphin, Julian Press New York, 1978

Lukina, Ludmilla: The Rehabilitation of the Sick of the Neurological Profile with the Participation of Alfalina Black Sea Dolphins (in Russian); Dissertation, Yalta 2003.

Nathanson, Dave: Dolphins and kids - A communication experiment. Congress Proceedings in the XVI World Assembly of the Work Organization for Preschool Education, pp 447.51, 1980

Nathanson, Dave: Using atlantic bottlenosed dolphins to increase cognition of mentally retarded children; Clinical and Abnormal Psychology, pp. 233-242, Elsevier, North Holland 1989.

Nathanson, Dave: Effectiveness of short-term dolphin-assisted-therapy for Children with Severe Disabilities; pp. 90-100; Anthrozoös, 10 (2/3), 1997.

Nathanson, Dave: Effectiveness of long-term dolphin-assisted-therapy for children with severe disabilities; p. 22-32; Anthrozoös, 11 (1), 1998

Oerter, Rolf & Kohn, Nicole: Dolphin Therapy Helps: Scientific Findings from Eilat and Florida,; pp.55-87; In Kuhnert, Kirsten (ed.): Dolphin Therapy - Proof of a Miracle, About the Healing Power of Dolphins; Ariston Germany 2004.

Smith, Betsy: Using dolphins to elicit communication from an autistic child; The Pet connection - Its influence on Our Health and Quality of Life; CenShare Minneapolis, 1984

Starkhammar, J., Amundin, M., Almqvist, M., Lindström, K., Persson, H. W., Lund University Sweden, Abstract of 36th Annual Conference of the EAAM, 2008

Trompisch Norbert: Die Alpha-Therapie; Evaluation eines ganzheitlichen Delphintherapie-Konzepts, diploma thesis at the University of Vienna, 2005.

Webb, Nicola & Drummond, Peter: The effect of swimming with dolphins on human well-being and anxiety; pp. 81-86; Anthrozoös, 14 (2), 2001.

Preferential behaviour of dolphins, Fritsch 2010

Specific preferences of bottlenose dolphins in alpha therapy

Evaluation of the behaviour modulating factors by which dolphins are influenced in their preferences of special children over a longer period of time (single case study).

Diploma thesis in biology, University of Graz

Author: Teresa Fritsch, University of Graz 2010

Scientific supervision: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Heinrich Römer (Univ. Graz) Mag. Norbert Trompisch (Inst. Dolphinswim)

The preferences of the dolphins

This study is dedicated to the dolphins' behaviour in the dolphin therapy programme "Alpha Therapy". The central question is to what extent the dolphins' behaviour towards the client is specific and what constitutes it. The general preference behaviour (age, degree of restriction etc.) should be taken as a starting point, but in this study the individual factors, i.e. the connection between client behaviour as well as physical and psychological factors (restrictions, expectations etc.) of the client and interaction schemes (if these are recognisable) with the dolphin are of particular interest.

Linke and Brensing already found that dolphins generally prefer children to adults.58 Brensing's results also show that it has not yet been proven whether dolphins additionally show specific preference behaviour towards individual humans. However, since there are repeated - albeit brief - records of observations in this regard and Mr. Norbert Trompisch also reported preferences of this kind to me, it seemed interesting to work on this further.

The interest in studying this interesting behaviour further and the structuring of the theoretical and practical implementation finally led to a topic that I turned into my diploma thesis. On the one hand, this thesis is about the development of a method to measure the preference behaviour of dolphins, and on the other hand, it is about the implementation using a dolphin as an example so that it is possible to illustrate the implementation of the method development.

Hypothesis

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops trunactus) show a specific preference behaviour towards certain clients which remains stable over a longer period of time. This is dependent on specific behaviour-modulating factors that can be evaluated. Preferential behaviour is understood as the obvious (and measurable) preference of individual therapy participants over others.

57 cf. ibid., p.371ff 58 Linke & Brensing, Behaviour of dolphins towards adults and children during swim-with-dolphin programs and towards children with disabilities during therapy sessions. 2003, S.325

Questions

I dealt with the following questions when evaluating the results:

- Is there any obvious preference behaviour (apart from the age preference already described)?

- If so, how does this preference behaviour manifest itself and how can it be measured?

- Which factors (e.g. diseases) and behaviour patterns does the dolphin respond to and which does it refuse?

- Does the type of interaction differ according to the client's clinical picture/behavioural pattern (interaction preference)?

- Does the dolphin develop the preference behaviour (and possibly also the specific interaction preference) from the beginning?

- Are the preferences stable over the entire duration of therapy? - Do the expectations of parents/relatives also play a role?

Method

A method based on qualitative content analysis according to Mayring, which has been further developed for video analysis, is used. The source material is video recordings from a static camera that has the entire pool in its field of vision, as well as a hand-held camera that provides detailed shots of the interactions. The video material is annotated and behavioural categories as well as their coding rules are defined. An interrater test with part of the material and 2 independent coders ensures the validity of the coding rules independent of the coder. Afterwards, the whole material is annotated, coded. The data is read into SPSS and statistically analysed. This method ensures the traceability of all processing steps from raw data to interpretation.

Results

Based on the study shown, it is possible to prove the existence of a preference of the dolphin studied here and the background to this behaviour. The method development for measuring preference behaviour can be described as reproducible, it has been scientifically tested and found to be feasible. All definitions and codings are sufficiently formulated so that everyone can work with it and it is possible to repeat the study on further dolphins or clients at any time. The primary purpose of this thesis is to develop a method to measure the specific preference behaviour of a dolphin, but secondarily it is also tested to illustrate the possibility of implementation.

Thus, although this is only a single case study, the results form the first building block in all further studies of this kind. It could be shown that the dolphin studied has a definite preference behaviour on the one hand, as well as individual interaction preferences on the other. Based on the results, it can be seen that the dolphin has a preference for quiet and cheerful as well as small clients, and the expectations of the relatives also have an influence on the animal's behaviour, so high expectations often lead to less interaction time with the dolphin. For this reason, it would be very interesting to compare the extent to which the relatives present at each therapy session impair rather than promote the success of the therapy.

The result that the dolphin favours the slightly disabled over the severely disabled could be due to the fact that it benefits most from these participants (in the form of play). However, this is only an assumption that cannot be considered proven.

However, Brensing's theory that porpoises prefer children to adults can be confirmed in this study, albeit in a different context. Thus, when comparing the therapist preference, one sees that the preference for clients is always higher than that for the therapist and that in the presence of both the therapist and the client, the preference for the therapist is virtually eliminated and thus becomes insignificant. Since 95% of the clients are children, it can be assumed that this is largely due to the preference of children over adults. But also the second hypothesis, that dolphins have an increased interest in a body changed by a disability, i.e. that any kind of motor or mental impairment is perceived by the dolphin, could be confirmed. For example, it was vividly shown that the dolphin was significantly often interested in the legs of clients with massive leg problems. This can only be explained by the fact that it is able to perceive the motor abnormalities. On a neurophysiological level, it remains questionable to what extent the dolphin is actually able to have an influence on the human brain through its sonar (alpha state). It seems unrealistic that frequencies at this level should stimulate the brain and lead to calming and relaxation, and this would have to be concretely measured and evaluated in a separate study. But at least the fact can be confirmed here that dolphins tend to react specifically to those impaired areas in the body and show increased interest in them.

Another important aspect is the stability of the preference. The hypothesis that preference behaviour does not vary but remains stable over a longer period of time can be verified, thus confirming the existence of a preference.

It can now be seen that dolphins are quite capable of reacting individually to each client and that for this reason they certainly also have a positive influence on humans. Due to the fact that they have an increased interest in the dysfunctions of the body and especially due to the fact that the curiosity remains stable over several days and weeks (stability of preference), the client is given increased unconditional attention, which can subsequently lead to relaxation and increased balance in the participant.

However, the fact that dolphins react specifically to the affected areas in the body is certainly not an action out of altruism, but rather an action out of curiosity and play instinct. Because the therapy dolphin is in captivity, it is obliged to react in some way or interact with the clients. Although it is more or less up to the dolphin which way it interacts with the clients and which participants it prefers, there is always pressure behind it. For this reason alone, it is hardly possible to speak of altruism. Although the assumption that the dolphin acts out of helper behaviour by responding individually to the clients cannot be 100% refuted in this study, it is massively doubted.

In summary, we can now say that on the one hand the existence of a specific preference behaviour in the dolphin could be shown, and on the other hand that this is stable and is developed within a few seconds. There is also an interaction preference and the dolphin does not decide every day which interaction it prefers with which client, but prefers one or more types of contact per participant, which also remain stable over a longer period of time.

According to the results of this study, there are certain parameters that distinguish a human as a good play partner (e.g. small children who consciously perceive the therapy and can also enjoy it), and the dolphin studied directs its preference behaviour accordingly.

Within the framework of this study, a method was developed with which it is possible to detect the individual preferences of bottlenose dolphins and to investigate the background to this behaviour. Subsequently, it would be necessary to apply the method to other dolphins and clients in order to increase the sample size and to be able to present a good comparison of the results. It is certain that further studies of this kind will yield a number of interesting findings that are important both for dolphin therapy and from a behavioural biology point of view.

The specific effect of dolphin therapy, Trompisch 2005

Alpha therapy: Evaluation of a holistic dolphin therapy concept

Diploma thesis at the University of Vienna

Author: Norbert Trompisch

Scientific supervision: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Thomas Slunecko

In 2005, Norbert Trompisch, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Slunecko, dedicated himself to the evaluation of Alpha Therapy. Data from therapy reports and parent feedback forms, which had been collected and archived since 2001, were used. The format in which the data was available suggested the use of a suitable text interpretation method. The decision was then made in favour of content analysis according to Mayring, as this method promises to combine the advantages of qualitative and quantitative research logic. Mayring's method allows the translation of data in text form into clusters in a category system generated from the data material. These can be compared with other standardised data and interpreted. In our case, we had standardised data from 5-level items from the quantitative part of the parent feedback questionnaire, which we could interpret together with the output of Mayring's analysis.

Research question

The research question was: In which personality, behavioural and competence areas are positive changes described by alpha therapy?

Source material of the investigation

The total sample consists of 55 examined cases, the participants were aged between 2 and 38 years. The final reports of the treating therapists and a special parent questionnaire, which the parents had to fill out three months after the end of the therapy, served as study material. This questionnaire consisted of a qualitative and a quantitative part. In the qualitative part, the parents were asked to comment on any changes that had occurred as a result of the alpha therapy. The quantitative part of the questionnaire consisted of 13 items that were evaluated using statistical methods.

Results

Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung legen die generelle Wirksamkeit der untersuchten Therapieform dar und zeigen in Form eines Veränderungsprofils, in welchen Kategorien sich Fortschritte in der untersuchten Population ereignet haben. Der überwiegende Teil der Eltern der therapierten Personen gab an, mit der Therapie außerordentlich (57,9%) oder ziemlich (31,6%) zufrieden gewesen zu sein, einen ziemlich (37,1%) oder mittelmäßig (28,6%) großen Fortschritt ihrer Kinder durch die Therapie beobachtet und sich selbst außerordentlich (56,8%) oder ziemlich (29,7%) am Therapieort entspannt zu haben. Auf Basis der Therapie-Abschlußberichte der Therapeuten und der von den Eltern verfassten Feedback-Berichte wurde mit Hilfe der Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring ein Kategoriensystem von 18 Kategorien erarbeitet, das jene Bereiche, in denen Fortschritte beobachtet wurden, im Detail wiedergibt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass in der untersuchten Gesamtstichprobe, insbesondere in den Kategorien „Grobmotorik“, „Soziale Kompetenzen“, „Psychisches Wohlbefinden/Entspannung“, „Feinmotorik“ und „Expressivität“ – positive Veränderungen genannt wurden. Die Gesamtstichprobe teilt sich gemäß der Störungsbilder in 6 Subpopulationen, die als Diagnosegruppen „Autismus“, „Down-Syndrom“, „Entwicklungsstörungen“, „Cerebralparese“, „Schwerste Behinderungen“ (inklusive Wachkoma) und der Restkategorie „Andere“ beschrieben werden. Das diagnosebezogene Veränderungsprofil (Fig. 8) ermöglicht einen Überblick, wie sich die durch die Intervention erzielten Fortschritte in den einzelnen Diagnosegruppen dokumentieren. Dieser Vergleich wird dadurch ermöglicht, dass die therapeutischen Maßnahmen im Rahmen der Alpha-Therapie in Bezug auf die zu vergleichenden Diagnosegruppen nicht signifikant variieren, das heißt, man kann von einigermaßen einheitlichen Therapiebedingungen sprechen. Das diagnosebezogene Profil zeigt, dass die einzelnen Diagnosegruppen in allen Kategorien sehr unterschiedlich repräsentiert sind. Dies gibt einen Hinweis darauf, dass die Wirkung der Therapie sehr störungsspezifisch ist. In der Gruppe „Autismus“ manifestierten sich die Fortschritte besonders in Bezug auf „Soziale Kompetenzen“ (bei 100% der Teilnehmer), „Aufmerksamkeit“ (bei 92%), „Expressivität“ (bei 71%), „Sinneswahrnehmung“ (bei 71%) und „Feinmotorik“ (bei 71%). Laut ICD-10 ist das Störungsbild des frühkindlichen Autismus von einem geringen Gebrauch sozialer Signale, einem Fehlen von Reaktionen auf Emotionen anderer Menschen und einer geringen Integration sozialer, emotionaler und kommunikativer Verhaltensweisen geprägt. Stattdessen ist dieses Störungsbild durch starre, eingeschränkte, sich wiederholende und stereotype Verhaltensweisen gekennzeichnet. Das Fortschritts-Profil zeigt, dass sich die beobachteten Veränderungen in den Zentren der für diese Störung typischen Defizite ereignen. Dies legt die Interpretation einer gelungenen Passung von Therapie und Klienten nahe. In der Gruppe „Down-Syndrom“ scheint die Intervention besonders im Bereich der „Sprache“ (Fortschritte wurden bei 100% der Teilnehmer beobachtet), der „Aufmerksamkeit“ (100%) und der „Sozialen Kompetenzen“ (100%) Verbesserungen herbeigeführt zu haben. In den Bereichen „Grobmotorik“, „Feinmotorik“, „Sinneswahrnehmung“, „Mathematische Fähigkeiten“ und „Kreativität“ konnten jedoch keine Fortschritte bemerkt werden. Bei dieser Gruppe ist jedoch anzumerken, dass die Stichprobenzahl nur N=3 betragen hat, und daher diese Ergebnisse eine bedingte Aussagekraft haben. Dazu kommt, dass die untersuchten Fälle vor Untersuchung in Bezug auf die Motorik keine Defizite aufwiesen. Ein ganz zentrales Defizit der Kinder mit Down-Syndrom lag in der Konzentrationsfähigkeit in Form von leichter Ablenkbarkeit. Im Gegensatz zur Gruppe „Autismus“, wo eine Steigerung der Aufmerksamkeit meist durch ein „sich den Reizen öffnen“ gekennzeichnet war, bedeutete in der Gruppe „Down-Syndrom“ eine Verbesserung des „sich auf relevante Reize einschränken könnens“ – also genau das Gegenteil – einen Fortschritt. Die Kodierung wurde immer relativ vorgenommen, also es wurde eine Sinneinheit, dann als Verbesserung kodiert, wenn sie entweder aus dem Kontext als solcher ausgewiesen wurde. Gruppe der Teilnehmer mit Entwicklungsstörungen wurden die meisten Fortschritte in Bezug auf „Psychisches Wohlbefinden/Entspannung“ (100%), „Sprache“ (85%), „Feinmotorik“ (71%), „Sinneswahrnehmung“ (71%) und „Ausdauer“ (71%) festgestellt. Hingegen wenig Fortschritt zeigte diese Gruppe in „Allgemeiner Entwicklung“ (28%), „Abbau von Angst“ (28%) und „Mathematische Fähigkeiten“ (14%). Bei den meisten Teilnehmern dieser Gruppe – hier wurden auch die Fälle mit „Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit- und Hyperaktivitätssyndrom“ gezählt – lagen Schwierigkeiten der Energieregulation (sowohl motorisch, als auch kognitiv) vor, die sich durch die Therapie verbesserten. Dies wird sowohl durch die hohen Nennungen in den Kategorien „Psychisches Wohlbefinden“, „Sinneswahrnehmung“ (dazu gehört auch das Körperbewusstsein) und „Ausdauer“ dokumentiert. Die Gruppe der Teilnehmer mit Cerebralparese scheint besonders im Bereich der „Grobmotorik“ (90%), „Psychisches Wohlbefinden“ (75%), „Körperlichen Entspannung“ (70%) und der „Feinmotorik“ (60%) zu profitieren, was ein Nachlassen der Spastik repräsentiert (siehe Kodierleitfaden: „Nachlassen der Spastik“= Verbesserung Grobmotorik und mehr Entspannung). Aber nicht nur in Bezug auf die zentrale Symptomatik dieser Behinderung manifestieren sich Verbesserungen, auch in Bezug auf die „Expressivität“ (70%), die „Sozialen Kompetenzen“ (65%) und das „Selbstbewusstsein“ (60%). Die Gruppe der Schwerstbehinderten scheint insbesondere in Bezug auf „Körperliche Entspannung“ (100%), dem „psychischen Wohlbefinden/Entspannung“ (100%), „Soziale Kompetenzen“ (80%) und der „Grobmotorik“ (60%) profitiert zu haben . Der Zuwachs an „Sozialen Kompetenzen“ bezieht sich in dieser Gruppe naturgemäß auf ganz basale Fortschritte und beruht auf Verbesserungen des Blickkontakts, des mimischen oder gestikulären Reagierens auf Ansprache, oder sonstigen sozial bedingten Reaktionen. Die Gruppe „Andere“ (die Restkategorie) zeigte insbesondere in Bezug auf Grob-, und Feinmotorik und „Soziale Kompetenzen“ Fortschritte (alle 100%). Der Grad der „Selbständigkeit“ (bei 83%), des „Selbstvertrauens“ (bei 83%) und der „Sinneswahrnehmung/ Körperwahrnehmung“ (83%), steigerten sich. Die Kategorie „Keine Veränderung/Fortschritt“ wurde in der ganzen Untersuchung überhaupt nur ein Mal genannt. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass in Bezug auf die untersuchten Diagnosegruppen eine sehr störungsspezifische Wirkung der Therapie nachgewiesen werden konnte. Die Daten legen den Schluss nahe, dass die Intervention gut an die Defizit- und Ressourcenstruktur der jeweiligen Störung anschließt und die Teilnehmer im Sinne der Zone der nächsten Entwicklung fördert. Es wurden aber auch Fortschritte in Bereichen erreicht, die nicht direkt mit der Behinderung in Zusammenhang stehen, sich aber insgesamt auf die Entwicklung des Behandelten positiv auswirkten. Ein Beispiel dafür ist die Diagnosegruppe „Cerebralparese“ – eine Gruppe mit motorischer Behinderung. Die Fortschritte im Kerndefizit dieser Gruppe wurden über den Umweg des verbesserten „Selbstvertrauens“ erzielt (in den Berichten zum Beispiel mit „er traut sich jetzt mehr zu“ protokolliert).

Conclusion

The result of this study proves the multi-layered effect of alpha therapy for numerous disorders. Depending on the diagnosis, progress in terms of physical and psychological relaxation, motor skills, attention, expressiveness, independence and social skills could be demonstrated. The majority of the parents (54.2%) described the therapy success of their treated children as "extraordinary" or "quite", 28.6% reported a moderate overall success, only 11.4% reported "hardly", and 5.7% reported "no success at all". As far as the satisfaction of the participants in the therapy is concerned, 89.5% of the participating families stated that they were "extremely" or "fairly" satisfied with the Alpha therapy. Alpha therapy unfolds very different effects depending on the type of disorder, which connects very well to the respective deficit and resource structure and contributes to a general harmonisation. According to all the studies presented, dolphin interactions increase the receptiveness of the human brain for information, while simultaneously calming and harmonising it. In many cases, positive emotions are triggered and fears are reduced. The willingness to make contact, social skills and the ability to concentrate of people with perceptual disorders are improved by dolphin contact.

Summative Evaluation of Alpha Therapy, Dilts 2008

A summative evaluation of a Dolphin therapy programme for people with disabilities

Rachel Dilts, MA, ABD, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

Norbert Trompisch, University of Vienna

Dolphin therapy is a sub-discipline of animal-assisted therapy. Scientific studies of dolphin therapy have yielded mostly positive results, but some are inconclusive or leave conclusions open regarding efficacy and mechanism of action. This study intends to make a nomothetic contribution to the effectiveness of dolphin therapy. An "alpha therapy" programme (still) taking place in Ukraine at the time of the surveys served as the research field. There were 37 participants in the present study, consisting mainly of children with different diagnoses, such as developmental disorders or cognitive, emotional and physical limitations. Throughout the summer period, 5 therapy groups were conducted, each with a duration of 10 days. With the help of the "Behaviour Dimensions Rating Scale", BDRS for short, the participants were tested before and immediately at the end of the therapy stay and one month after the therapy stay. The results were evaluated using a t-test and showed significant (positive) changes in all main categories.

  • Quantitative study on the effectiveness of dolphin therapy using a standardised parent questionnaire.
  • Sample: n=40, consisting of clients with CP, Down syndrome, autism, etc.
  • Analysis: t-test for comparison of pre- and posttest: measurement points 1st day of therapy, last day of therapy and 1 month after therapy

Results

Significant improvements at Sig 0.05 level in all subscales: Aggressiveness, Inconduciveness, Social withdrawal, Anxiousness.

It can therefore be assumed that alpha therapy shows positive effects for clients in this sample.

The child-dolphin interaction; Hofmann, Trompisch 2011

The Child-Dolphin Interaction

in relation to the modification of selected behavioural aspects in children with disabilities in the context of alpha therapy.

An exemplary presentation of the Documentary Method in the field of Animal Assisted Therapy/Dolphin Therapy

Mag. N. Trompisch¹, A. Hofmann²

¹ DolphinSwim Alpha Institute - Therapy, Zollergasse 14/5a, 1070 Vienna/ Austria

² Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany

Summary

This work deals with observations that allow access to the "conjunctive spaces of experience" of the action-practice world of the persons studied. By means of the documentary method for the development of implicit knowledge (Bohnsack, 2006), the question of the "modus operandi", the habitus underlying the practice of observed behaviour of persons, was investigated. In the present study, the course of interactions of three autistic children during alpha therapy was analysed.

Introduction

The paper begins with an overview of the development of scientific research in the field of dolphin therapy and research on whales and dolphins. The concept of alpha therapy integrates pedagogical, neurophysiological and family-systemic dimensions. In addition, the term interaction is defined here as the smallest analytical unit, based on qualitative social research.

Methods

The interactions were observed within the framework of a pre-post follow-up design and a course analysis by means of questionnaires (according to Stumpf, 2006), video recordings and interviews and analysed according to the documentary method (Bohnsack, 2006; Nohl, 2006). Data from parents, therapists and therapy supervisors were recorded. The following steps were taken in the analysis of the interview data (Nohl, 2006): Identification of interview sections to be transcribed with the help of the thematic progression, transcribed interview sections, formulating fine interpretation, reflective interpretation. The procedure in the area of video analysis included the following aspects: Selection and formulating interpretation of the sequences, selection of the photograms, formulating interpretation of the photograms including the pre-iconographic and iconographic interpretations, reflective interpretation of the photograms including the formal composition regarding perspective, planimetry and scenic choreography, iconological-iconographic video interpretation and corresponding homologies from text and sound, concluding reflective overall interpretation with an example of the video transcription system MoViQ. The documentary method was modified in various aspects to enable the analysis of the progression data, e.g. summaries of pre-iconographic interpretations.

Results

The video analysis made it possible to observe the simultaneity and sequence of the interactions. The "individual-comparative analysis" represented a further modification within the individual case analyses. In connection with the presentation of the contrasting orientation frameworks of the three individual case analyses, differentiations of "implicit regularities" emerged via video and interview, which appear to be significant for the individual practices of action. In the course of the formation of types with a genetic meaning, the respective orientation framework of an individual case was assigned to its own typology. The triangulation of the data per child/parent or of the individual cases as a whole revealed commonalities and differences that can be considered as basic building blocks for later generalisable type formations in order to make them "...more and more contoured and visible on increasingly abstract levels..." (Bohnsack, 2006, p. 1). (Bohnsack, 2006, p.63).

Literature

Bohnsack, R. (2009). Qualitative image and video interpretation. The documentary method. Leverkusen Opladen & Farmington

Hills, MI/ USA: Barbara Budrich Publishers.

Breitenbach, E., von Fersen, L., Stumpf, E. & Ebert, H. (2006). Dolphin therapy for children with disabilities. Analysis and

Declaration of Effectiveness. Würzburg: edition bentheim.

Nohl, A.- M.; (2006). Interview and documentary method. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / GWV.

Trompisch, N. & Slunecko, T. (2007). Alpha therapy. Evaluation of a holistic dolphin therapy concept. Vienna:

Dolphinswim Print.

Dolphin Therapy and Trauma, Trompisch 2012

Scientific writings of the DOLPHINSWIM Institute on the fields of application of dolphin therapy, 2012

 

 

"Trauma is bound in the nervous system.

Due to drastic events, it has lost its full flexibility.

We must therefore help him to regain his full range and strength."

Dr Peter A. Levine

Dolphin therapy is known for its effectiveness in treating many forms of disabilities, most notably autism. Far less well known is that for people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, dolphin therapy is an effective treatment.

The therapeutic approach of Alpha Therapy in the treatment of people with trauma is very closely based on SE (Somatic Experiencing), Peter Levine's method. As with other contemporary methods of trauma therapy, in Dolphin trauma therapy central attention is paid to building up supportive resources that can sustain trauma exposure (the work on the actual traumatic event). A dialogue takes place between the personal resources and the traumatic stress. The body is strongly involved in the treatment because the trauma has not only a psychological but also a physical component.

This is where the dolphin comes into play: As numerous studies and daily therapeutic practice in dolphin therapy suggest, dolphin therapy is able to bring about a comprehensive and lasting harmonisation of the human nervous system. Through its distinctive social sense and play instinct, the dolphin mirrors the human being in a very personal way and challenges him to grow a step beyond his limits. The dolphin responds to the emotional reactions that arise in the interaction and accompanies the participant step by step in a process of development. The animal is able to sensitively moderate the fear reactions that occur and to remove them from the participant's psychological system. Neurologically, a lowering of the dominant brain wave frequency as well as a hemisphere harmonisation can be measured in the context of dolphin interactions by means of EEG. This effect is explained by the psychological factors of the interaction as well as the effect of the animal's ultrasound. Last but not least, the therapy situation in the water should be mentioned, which challenges the participant's mental system to throw all (on land) well-rehearsed patterns overboard and to reconfigure itself in a floating way, freed from the conditions of gravity.

Norbert Trompisch has been able to gain some experience with this target group in dolphin therapy in recent years and now presents a scientific article on this topic. Besides a review of the theoretical basis of dolphin-centred trauma therapy, the article also includes an impressive case study.

Dolphin Therapy and Siblings, Constanze Buchegger 2012

Final thesis dolphin therapy training, February 2012

 

Mag.a rer.nat. Constanze Buchegger

Clinical and health psychologist,

Child, Youth and Family Psychologist

 

Developmental psychological challenge as a sibling of a disabled child. A family psychological approach, referring to the meaning of dolphin therapy - in theory and practice.

 

"If a child is mentally or physically disabled, this means many restrictions and additional demands for the parents. Depending on the type and severity of the disability, they have to expect that their child will be dependent on their support for as long as they live (permanent parenthood). Unlike other parents, they cannot fall back on traditions and role models from their own family of origin for orientation. Everyday family life must therefore be completely reinvented in a laborious process" (Jungbauer, 2009; p. 22).

 

Summary (Abstract)

 

Children who grow up with a disabled sibling are (often) confronted with special tasks and challenges from an early age in their lives. Besides normative developmental tasks, additional non-normative developmental tasks, such as the birth of a disabled sibling, affect their psychosocial development to varying degrees.

 

From a family system theory perspective, the whole system must be more or less adaptable to changes (such as the birth of a disabled child). Following the factors of effect as well as in the sense of a systemic perspective, it is not sufficient to support the disabled child as an individual in the form of e.g. special therapies. Here, alpha therapy according to Trompisch can contribute to strengthening the individual family members, in particular also to strengthening a sibling, and thus subsequently to strengthening the entire system.

 

This paper attempts to approach this topic based on scientific empirical results and practical examples, as well as to present the significance of dolphin therapy in this context.

 

The relationship between healthy siblings is usually characterised by special closeness and points of friction, which, however, is largely not possible between disabled and non-disabled children. Here, the personality of the parents or the attitude of the parents and their relationship to each other, the sibling constellation, the severity of the disability and the social situation of the family have an explicit effect. Depending on the available resources and resilience factors, this results in special challenges as well as active and passive coping strategies.

 

The knowledge of the effective factors and consequently the education of the parents, but also of the environment, thus seems to represent an important help and support for a healthy psychosocial development of the non-disabled sibling.